Brazil Leader Vows To Defeat The Zika Virus

The President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff on Friday announced a nationwide attack on the mosquito spreads that Zika virus, vowing to win this war against the insect that researchers in have linked to a rare birth defect.Rousseff said an operation to eliminate breeding areas for the Aedes aegypti mosquito began Friday at all installations run by the armed forces and at all federal educational, health and other facilities.

She called on the rest of society to join in eliminating areas of standing water, which can include things as small as a discarded food container.The government, churches, football teams, labor unions ... everyone must do their part to eliminate the breeding grounds," she said. "We will win this war.
She spoke after a videoconference with five state governors and six Cabinet members to discuss the mosquito, which Brazilian researchers have linked to a seemingly sudden upsurge in cases of microcephaly, in which children are born with abnormally small heads.

Officials confirm at least 6 cases of Zika in US residents

At least six U.S. residents have tested positive for the Zika virus, with officials in New York, Arkansas and Virginia confirming cases in each state.Four people who had returned from travel abroad have tested positive in New York state with infections with the mosquito-transmitted Zika virus, local health officials said on Wednesday.Two tested positive in New York City, city health officials said. Neither had severe complications, they said.A person who resides in Nassau County had traveled to a country with documented transmission of the virus and developed symptoms in August, had a mild illness, was not hospitalized and has completely recovered, a county health department spokeswoman said.An Orange County resident who had traveled to South America tested positive, the county health commissioner's office said. The office did not provide information on the person's condition.
On Tuesday, the Virginia Department of Health said an adult resident of the state had recently traveled to a country where the Zika virus transmission was ongoing. The department didn’t specify where the person traveled, nor did it clarify his or her gender or age. Health officials confirmed in a statement that other residents were not at risk of catching the virus from the infected person.Zika virus is acquired through the bite of an infected mosquito," State Health Commissioner Dr. Marissa Levine said in a statement. "Because it is not mosquito season in Virginia, this individual with Zika virus infection poses no risk to other Virginians.Earlier Tuesday, the Arkansas Department of Health confirmed that an individual who recently traveled outside of the United States had also tested positive for the virus, which is carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The department said the resident has a mild case of Zika, but it would not confirm the individual’s age or gender. The individual traveled to the Central America-Caribbean region, but officials did not specify which country.

SINUS

The sinuses are a connected system of hollow cavities in the skull. The largest sinus cavities are around an inch across; others are much smaller. The sinus cavities include:
• The maxillary sinuses (the largest), in the cheekbones.
• The frontal sinuses, in the low-center of the forehead.
• The ethmoid sinuses, between the eyes, at the nasal bridge.
• The sphenoid sinuses, in bones behind the nasal cavity.
The sinuses are lined with soft, pink tissue called mucosa. Normally, the sinuses are empty except for a thin layer of mucus.
The inside of the nose has ridges called turbinates. Normally these structures help humidify and filter air. The nose is divided in the center by a thin wall, called the septum. Most of the sinuses drain into the nose through a small channel or drainage pathway called the middle meatus.
The purpose of the sinuses is unclear. One theory is that sinuses help humidify the air we breathe in; another is that they enhance our voices.

Depression Screening Recommended For All Pregnant Women, New Mothers

Pregnant women and new mothers need more attention when it comes to screening for depression, according to recommendations issued Tuesday by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
That came as part of the panel's recommendation that all adults should be screened, in a situation where they can be provided treatment or get a referral if they are clinically depressed.
The announcement follows similar recommendations in 2002 and 2009. What's new this time is the special shout-out for pregnant women and new moms. They need special recognition, the task force says, because of evidence showing that they can be accurately diagnosed and successfully treated, and because untreated depression harms not only the mother, but her child as well.
Depression is the leading cause of disease-related disability in women around the world. Nine percent of pregnant women and 10 percent of new moms will go through a major depressive episode, according to evidence cited by the task force. And studies have shown that babies and toddlers with depressed moms are subject to lots of problems. They may be more difficult to console, be less likely to interact or have more sleeping problems.

STUDY SHOWS THAT THE ZIKA VIRUS CAN BE TRANSMITTED SEXUALLY

The Zika virus which has been spreading Across the United States of america can be transmitted sexually. Study shows that the disease can be found in the semen after it is no longer found in the blood which simply means it can be transmitted sexually, But for now there are no cases of anyone getting it through sexual intercourse.
An insect expert Brain Foy from the state university of Colorado says he was infected with the virus during his study on mosquitoes in the rural Senegal in 2008 and he says he infected his wife after he returned to the United States.

Brian Foy says his wife didn't join him on his trio to Senegal. And he says he already had sex with his wife before they started seeing symptoms and he says none of his kids became sick after that so he thinks she could have been infected sexually.
Brian and his wife made a full recovery. Experts as the virus is spreading across the us it has been made a priority to find out other was that this virus can be transmitted.

Mr Foy says he has been trying to get funds for the study but one payed attention until recently. For now, "if I was a man and I got Zika symptoms, I'd wait a couple of months before having unprotected sex, Zika expert Scott Weaver of the Institute for Human Infections and Immunity at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston tells the Times.If my wife was of childbearing age, I'd want to use protection, certainly for a few weeks. The WHO warns that the virus is likely to spread to every country in the Americas except Canada.

ANEMIA AND ITS CAUSES

Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen. Symptoms of anemia -- like fatigue -- occur because organs aren't getting what they need to function properly.Certain forms of anemia are hereditary and infants may be affected from the time of birth.
                                                   CAUSES OF ANEMIA
ANEMIA CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS:
Red blood cells can be lost through bleeding, which often can occur slowly over a long period of time, and can go undetected. This kind of chronic bleeding commonly results from the following:

• Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), and cancer.
• Menstruation and childbirth in women, especially if menstrual bleeding is excessive and if there are multiple pregnancies

WHO: Zika virus spreading to almost all the Americas

The World Health Organization anticipates that the Zika virus will spread to all but two countries in South, Central and North America.The mosquito-borne disease has raged in South America and other regions for several months.Twenty-one countries and territories of the Americas have reported cases of the virus since Brazil reported the first cases of local transmission in May 2015, WHO's regional office for the Americas said in a statement.Zika and dengue protection: How to keep away mosquitoesAedes mosquitoes -- the main vector for Zika transmission -- are present in all the region's countries except Canada and continental Chile," the statement said.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention urged pregnant women to postpone travel to Bolivia, Brazil, Cape Verde, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Saint Martin, Suriname, Samoa, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. The CDC also recommended that women who have recently traveled to these places during their pregnancy be screened and monitored for the virus.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction commonly known as a heart attack.Cardiovascular disease includes a number of conditions affecting the structures or function of the heart. They can include:
ATHEROSCLEROSIS:
Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of the arteries. This buildup narrows the arteries, making it harder for blood to flow through. If a blood clot forms, it can stop the blood flow. This can cause a heart attack or stroke.

REASONS TO USE SHEA BUTTER

Shea Butter, the 100% natural vitamin A cream is derived from the seed of the Shea tree. This cream is extracted and prepared without the use of any chemical. The Shea butter is prepared by cold pressed methods without any added preservatives.The 100% Natural Shea Butter is a cream that contains vitamin A.The natural Shea butter has been shown to be a moisturizer with an extra ordinary healing properties for the skin. There are so many skin conditions were the 100% natural Shea butter has shown effective healing.The vitamin A in the Shea butter helps remove a number of skin conditions, including sunburns, insect bites, wrinkles, frostbites, blemishes,and other skin condition.The positive biochemical and physiological effect Shea butter has on the skin injuries makes this cream ideal for wound healing. Many Shea butter users has reporter that Shea butter helps in wound healing.

FIVE HEALTHY BENEFITS OF SPINACH LEAVES

Spinach belongs to the chenopodiaceae family (also known as goosefoot), a family of nutritional powerhouses including beets, chard and quinoa. It shares a similar taste profile with these two other vegetables; the bitterness of beet greens and the slightly salty flavour of chard. There are three different types of spinach generally available: savoy, semi-savoy and smooth leaf.Dark leafy greens like spinach are important for skin and hair, bone health, and provide protein, iron, vitamins and minerals.The possible health benefits of consuming spinach include improving blood glucose control in diabetics, lowering the risk of cancer, lowering blood pressure, improving bone health, lowering the risk of developing asthma and more.
                                   HEALTH BENEFITS OF SPINACH LEAVES
ASTHMA PREVENTION:
The risks for developing asthma are lower in people who consume a high amount of certain nutrients. One of these nutrients is beta-carotene, of which spinach is an excellent source. Apricots, broccoli, cantaloupe, pumpkin and carrots are also rich sources of beta-carotene

CDC expands travel alert to 22 destinations

As Ziks virus continues to spread health authorities have added eight tropical destinations to a travel alert about an illness linked with a severe birth defect and spread by mosquitoes.The updated alert issued Friday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention brings the total to 22 destinations, most in Latin America and the Caribbean, where there have been outbreaks of the Zika virus.The new locations are Barbados, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Guyana; Cape Verde, off the coast of western Africa; and Samoa in the South Pacific.Last week's alert included Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Martinique, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Suriname and Venezuela.

El Salvador urges against pregnancies until 2018 as Zika virus spreads

SAN SALVADOR –  El Salvador on Thursday urged women in the Central American nation to avoid getting pregnant until 2018 to avoid their children developing birth defects from the mosquito-borne Zika virus which has rampaged through the Americas.The Zika virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is also known to carry the dengue, yellow fever and Chikungunya viruses. Health experts are unsure why the virus, which was first detected in Africa in 1947 but unknown in the Americas until last year, is spreading so rapidly in Brazil and neighboring countries.

SIX WAYS TO MANAGE STRESS

Life can be stressful; sometimes you'll have to deal with ongoing stress positively. Stress can have a variety of causes such as family problems, job problems, financial difficulties, poor health, or even the death of someone close to you.Everyone has stress, because life isn't something we totally control. The question is: Are you managing your stress, or has it mastered you?The answer matters a lot for your health. If you're stressed often over time, it puts you at risk for heart disease, depression, and other problems.Here are some ways to handle stress.

FIGURE OUT WHERE THE STRESS IS COMING FROM
Most times when we are stressed out its always messed up because it is written all over you generally and we start feeling very uncomfortable and most people go ahead getting pissed and even angry but instead of feeling that way find out what you are stressed about, is it work, is it family, is ti your exams, is it your boss in the office, just try to figure out what it is you are stressed about. By knowing what you are really stressed about that get you closer to an organised reactions.

Company issues recall after cough syrup found to contain morphine

Master Herbs, Inc. issued a voluntary nationwide recall of its Licorice Coughing Liquid after it was found to contain the opioid morphine, which is not declared on the label. The product is intended for temporary relief of cough due to cold, minor throat and bronchial irritations, according to an FDA press release.Master Herbs, Inc. said consumers who are unaware that they are ingesting morphine could be at risk for respiratory depression or even death. Young children with respiratory illness are also vulnerable to respiratory depression from opioids and should not be exposed to morphine.The company is pulling all lots of the product in 100 ml bottles sold in Chinese grocery stores in California, New Jersey, Hawaii, Illinois, Ohio and Nevada.

BRAZIL EXPERIENCE ZIKA VIRUS OUTBREAK

Brazil has increase number of babies born with abnormally small heads to mothers infected with the Zika virus. The virus is been transmitted by the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito which is also spreads dengue and chikungunya. Brazil has the largest outbreak of the Zika virus. The health ministry in Brazil gave a report of five babies already dead as a result of the virus  and further investigations are been carried out on other 44 deaths. Last week, Brazilian Health Minister Marcelo Castro said a new testing kit was being developed to identify quickly the presence of either of the three viruses.He also announced extra funds to speed up the development of a vaccine for Zika.
At the moment the only way to fight Zika is to clear standing water where mosquitoes breed.There has been a sharp rise in the number of cases of Zika in several other Latin American countries. In Colombia, more than 13,500 cases have been reported."We are the second country [in Latin America] after Brazil in the number of reported cases," said Health Minister Alejandro Gaviria.He has advised women in the country not to get pregnant for the rest of the outbreak which, he said, could last until July.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued an alert last Friday advising pregnant women to avoid travelling to Brazil and other Latin American and Caribbean countries where outbreaks of Zika have been registered.

EFFECTS OF X-RAYS

No matter how important x-rays are medically, they have their side effects like any other form of radiation. We often see people getting x-rays done for injuries like a simple twist of the ankle or something similar. But what makes this risky is that they take these steps without consulting a physician first and, even worse, without being aware of its adverse effects.People experience at least one exposure to these high-frequency waves when they visit the doctor, and unless it is an absolute emergency, getting an x-ray done must be avoided as far as possible.
                                        HARMFUL EFFECTS OF X-RAYS
Exposure to radiation as a foetus ups the chances of cancer by 40%, of developing tumour(s) by 50% and of leukemia by 70%.Thyroid glands, which are the primary glands of metabolism and energy, are also known victims of x-rays. They are particularly sensitive to radiation because of which, excessive exposure to radiation can lead to various thyroid conditions. Asking for a thyroid collar when getting your head, next or collarbone area x-ray could be a preventive measure.

DIARRHEA

Diarrhea is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day. It often lasts for a few days and can result in dehydration due to fluid loss. Signs of dehydration often begin with loss of the normal stretchiness of the skin and changes in personality. This can progress to decreased urination, loss of skin color, a fast heart rate, and a decrease in responsiveness as it becomes more severe.The most common cause is an infection of the intestines due to either a virus, bacteria, or parasite; a condition known as gastroenteritis. These infections are often acquired from food or water that has been contaminated by stool, or directly from another person who is infected. It may be divided into three types: short duration watery diarrhea, short duration bloody diarrhea, and if it lasts for more than two weeks, persistent diarrhea. The short duration watery diarrhea may be due to an infection by cholera, although this is rare in the developed world. If blood is present it is also known as dysentery.

ALOE VERA HEALTH BENEFITS

Aloe Vera is a succulent plant cultivated all over the world for its thick gelatinous leaves. When the leaves are cut a clear viscous substance can be pressed or filleted out of the aloe leaf. This material is the healing and therapeutic element of the plant that is a rich source of polysaccarides ans many other ingredients including lignins, saponins ,salicylic acid, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, enzymes and fatty acids.

 Aloe is well known commercially for its topical use in the cosmetic industry in hair and skin products. But, it is also a very popular ingredient in a wide range of health food products and beverages due to its number of nutritional components. Today so many people are using fresh raw aloe leaf by filleting out the inner gel and consuming it like a vegetable blended into juice, water or drinks.

 Aloe is about 99% of water and is a very hydrating and super nourishing food for the body. In addition, it contains beneficial phytochemicals such as anthraquinones and various glucomannans.It is an excellent top super food, not only for the skin but for many system of the body, helping to boost immunity, purify the liver and aid digestion. Throughout history aloe was regarded as a panacea for many health conditions and has been used extensively since Biblical tomes by the Egyptians, the Chinese and different Mediterranean civilizations.
The Aloe Vera ha multiple numbers of benefits and qualities contained in it, there has many benefits on every part of the body. The Aloe vera contains vitamin C, Vitamin A and vitamin B12. The aloe vera is an anti-inflammatory,anti-ageing, and anti-bacterial. So when the aloe vera is applied on the face  it will make your face or skin look and feel tender.


Digestion
improper digestion leads to countless and  many diseases. A properly functioning digestive tract is one of the keys and foundations of health. Aloe is known to soothe and cleanse the digestive tract and help improve digestion. The interesting thing about taking aloe internally is that, because it is an adaptogen, it helps with either constipation or diarrhea, helping to regulate your elimination cycles in whatever way you need.  It’s been a great remedy for people with problems such as irritable bowel syndrome as well as acid reflex. Aloe also helps to decrease the amount of unfriendly bacteria and in our gut keeping your healthy intestinal flora in balance.

Weight loss
Improving your digestion, and detoxifying your body will have a secondary effect of promoting weight loss because when you start to improve your digestion you naturally eliminate more efficiently, which is a primary way that we all detoxify – through our bowels. This will lighten your toxic load on your body and will give you more energy.

Diabetes
Since Aloe Vera contains anti-diabetic properties, they help manage diabetes by stabilizing blood sugar levels. They also augment circulatory health thus preventing numbness in the hands and legs, one of the major symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Skin care
Aloe Vera is very effective in treating and preventing skin disorders, due to its ability to seep through the multiple layers of the skin. Therefore, it is beneficial for disorders such as herpes, eczema, psoriasis, Lichen Planus, dermatitis and skin allergies.

THE MENSTURAL CYCLE

puberty has to do with sharing information on the changes that occur in the body both physically and emotionally, at this point in time it is very important that young girls or teenagers are given the right information about the menstrual cycle.

When mensuration comes often this is called the menstrual cycle. Seeing your regular menstrual cycles is a sign that some parts of the body is working normally. The menstrual cycle provides important body chemicals, called hormones, to keep you healthy. It also prepares your body for pregnancy each month. A cycle is counted from the first day of 1 period to the first day of the next period.

The menstrual cycle is very unique to every woman it might come as a surprise at first but it is some that every woman has to experience at certain point in their life. The menstrual cycle occur at different times depending on the individual. The normal cycle periods for most ladies is 28 days but sometimes some people experience from the last 21 days to 35 days depending on the individual like i said before, but note that this is absolutely normal.

Some women have a long cycle and some do have a short cycle, when a woman has a short cycle she is going to have her periods more often than just once in a month, but if a woman has a long cycle she is going to have her periods few times in a year this still depends on individual.
Some girls see their fist period between 11 and 13 years old but it doesn't necessarily need to be 11 or 13 some girls see theirs from age 8 to 16 depending on the individual.
n the first half of the cycle, levels of estrogen (the “female hormone”) start to rise. Estrogen plays an important role in keeping you healthy, especially by helping you to build strong bones and to help keep them strong as you get older. Estrogen also makes the lining of the uterus (womb) grow and thicken. This lining of the womb is a place that will nourish the embryo if a pregnancy occurs. At the same time the lining of the womb is growing, an egg, or ovum, in one of the ovaries starts to mature. At about day 14 of an average 28-day cycle, the egg leaves the ovary. This is called ovulation.

After the egg has left the ovary, it travels through the Fallopian tube to the uterus. Hormone levels rise and help prepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. A woman is most likely to get pregnant during the 3 days before or on the day of ovulation. Keep in mind, women with cycles that are shorter or longer than average may ovulate before or after day 14.

A woman becomes pregnant if the egg is fertilized by a man's sperm cell and attaches to the uterine wall. If the egg is not fertilized, it will break apart. Then, hormone levels drop, and the thickened lining of the uterus is shed during the menstrual period. Remember the menstrual cycle is unique make sure to see you doctor if you encounter any problems that has to do with the menstrual cycle.

AIR POLLUTION CAN CAUSE INFERTILITY

Women who reside close to major roads or industries where the air is polluted by traffic exhaust fumes and industrial smoke may be slightly more likely to have fertility problems than women who live further away where the air is cleaner, a U.S. study suggests.study followed more than 36,000 women from 1993 until 2003 and analyzed air pollution and traffic exhaust near their homes to see if what they breathed might be connected to their ability to conceive.Over the study period, there were about 2,500 reported cases of infertility. Women who lived close to a major roadway - within 199 meters, or about a tenth of a mile - were 11 percent more likely to experience this problem than women who lived farther from a highway, the study found."The risks are slight," said study leader Dr. Shruthi Mahalingaiah, a researcher at Boston University School of Medicine, in an email.
But even the slight increased risk can present a big global public health problem, said Mark Nieuwenhuijsen, a researcher at the Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology and the Barcelona Institute for Global Health."For an individual woman the results may not be that important because the risk of infertility only increases slightly, but for society as a whole it is important because so many women are exposed to air pollution," Nieuwenhuijsen added by email.
To look at the link between infertility and air pollution, Mahalingaiah and colleagues examined data on what's known as particulate matter - a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets that can include dust, dirt, soot and smoke - near women's homes and also assessed how close their residences were to major roads.
They focused on what's known as primary infertility, when women try to conceive for at least a year without success, as well as secondary infertility, which refers to couples who struggle with conception after having at least one prior pregnancy.
When women lived close to major roads, they were 5 percent more likely to report primary infertility, an increase in risk that wasn't statistically significant, meaning it might have been due to chance.
But these women were 21 percent more likely to report secondary infertility than women who lived farther away, and that increase was statistically significant, researchers report in the journal Human Reproduction.
This association was found even at relatively low concentrations of particulate matter, or less polluted air, although the connection became stronger as the pollution levels increased.
One limitation of the study, however, is that researchers didn't know the exact dates when conception efforts started or infertility was diagnosed, making it difficult to closely examine how the timing of pollution exposure might influence the odds of pregnancy.
While the study is one of the first of its kind to follow so many women over such a long period of time, more research is needed before making medical recommendations based on the results, Mahalingaiah said.
Even so, the findings add to a growing body of evidence suggesting that pollution can negatively impact conception efforts, said Dr. Sajal Gupta, a researcher at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio who wasn't involved in the study.
"Couples suffering from infertility need to exercise caution especially if they are residing in areas with high ambient particulate matter," Gupta said by email. "Relocating to areas with low contamination of particulate matter is an alternative to prevent adverse impact on fertility."
Infertility is just one of many health problems tied to air pollution, noted Christopher Somers, a biology researcher at the University of Regina in Canada who wasn't involved in the study.
"Air pollution is worse near major roads with high traffic volumes, so avoid living in these areas if you can," Somers said by email. "If this is not an option, pay attention to air quality advisories and adjust outdoor activities accordingly."

DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels,  either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).A person with diabetes has a condition in which the quantity of glucose in the blood is too elevated (hyperglycemia). This is because the body either does not produce enough insulin, produces no insulin, or has cells that do not respond properly to the insulin the pancreas produces. This results in too much glucose building up in the blood. This excess blood glucose eventually passes out of the body in urine. So, even though the blood has plenty of glucose, the cells are not getting it for their essential energy and growth requirements. There are three types of diabetes.

HEPATITIS: TYPES, CAUSES AND PREVENTION

The word hepatitis comes from the Ancient Greek word hepar (root word hepat) meaning 'liver', and the Latin itis meaning inflammation.Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver. The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the most common cause of hepatitis in the world but other infections, toxic substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs), and autoimmune diseases can also cause hepatitis.
                                                   TYPES OF HEPATITIS
Hepatitis A
This is caused by eating infected food or water. The food or water is infected with a virus called HAV (hepatitis A virus). Anal-oral contact during sex can also be a cause. Nearly everyone who develops Hepatitis A makes a full recovery - it does not lead to chronic disease.

Hepatitis B
This is an STD (sexually transmitted disease). It is caused by the virus HBV (hepatitis B virus) and is spread by contact with infected blood, semen, and some other body fluids. You get hepatitis B by:

• Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person (unprotected sex means without using a condom) Using a syringe that was previously used by an infected person (most commonly happens with drug addicts and people who inject steroids).
• Having your skin perforated with unsterilized needles, as might be the case when getting a tattoo, or being accidentally pricked. People who work in health care risk becoming infected by accident in this way. Sharing personal items, such as a toothbrush or razor, with an infected person.
• A baby can become infected through his mother's milk if she is infected.
• Being bitten by someone who is infected.

The liver of a person infected with hepatitis B swells. The patient can suffer serious liver damage due to infection, resulting in cancer. For some patients the hepatitis becomes chronic (very long-term or lifelong). Donated blood is always tested for hepatitis B.